Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. For example, the sound a did not occur in Proto-Tocharian. Classes i through v tend to co-occur with preterite classes I through V, although there are many exceptions. Tocharian B likewise forms the imperfect by adding i onto the present indicative stem, while Tocharian A has 4 separate imperfect formations: usually ā is added to the subjunctive stem, but occasionally to the indicative stem, and sometimes either ā or s is added directly onto the root. How-To Tutorials; Suggestions; Machine Translation Editions; Noahs Archive Project; About Us Fasmer, M. The etymological dictionary of the Russian language. In addition, four subjunctive classes differ from the corresponding indicative classes, two "special subjunctive" classes with differing suffixes and two "varying subjunctive" classes with root ablaut reflecting the PIE perfect. Though quite similar, Tocharian A … There were three known languages in the branch, named A, B and C. References The Tocharian languages, once spoken on the Silk Road from Kuča to Turfan in the Tarim Basin in present-day Northwest China, were without any trouble identified as Indo-European from the beginning of their study (Sieg & Siegling 1908). When referring to humans, the oblique singular of most adjectives and of some nouns is marked in both varieties by an ending -(a)ṃ, which also appears in the secondary cases. Mistakenly identifying the authors with the Tokharoi people of ancient Bactria (Tokharistan), early authors called these languages "Tocharian". Moscow, 1986. [6][34], Phonetically, Tocharian languages are "centum" Indo-European languages, meaning that they merge the palatovelar consonants (*ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ) of Proto Indo-European with the plain velars (*k, *g, *gʰ) rather than palatalizing them to affricates or sibilants. Latin Catō (genitive Catōnis) literally "the sly one"[citation needed] < catus "sly", Greek Plátōn literally "the broad-shouldered one" < platús "broad".[2]. In addition, most PIE sets of endings are found in some form in Tocharian (although with significant innovations), including thematic and athematic endings, primary (non-past) and secondary (past) endings, active and mediopassive endings, and perfect endings. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. A common Proto-Tocharian language must precede the attested languages by several centuries, probably dating to the late 1st millennium BC. Sacred , Anthem. Category:xto:All topics: Tocharian A terms organized by topic, such as "Family" or "Chemistry". One group of travel permits for caravans can be dated to the early 7th century, and it appears that other texts date from the same or from neighbouring centuries. Tocharian is the most recently discovered branch of Indo-European. i: Athematic without suffix, with root ablaut reflecting PIE, v: Identical to class i but with PToch suffix, II: This class has reduplication in Tocharian A (possibly reflecting the PIE reduplicated aorist). This page was last changed on 6 June 2020, at 17:58. Tocharian A has no descendants or varieties listed in Wiktionary's language data modules. The discovery of Tocharian contributed to doubts that Proto-Indo-European had originally split into western and eastern branches; today, the centum–satem division is not seen as a real familial division.[42][43]. Qarašähär, Skt. This is thought to stem from the generalization of n-stem adjectives as an indication of determinative semantics, seen most prominently in the weak adjective declension in the Germanic languages (where it cooccurs with definite articles and determiners), but also in Latin and Greek n-stem nouns (especially proper names) formed from adjectives, e.g. 3.1. Vertaling: Ik legde me neer. (See also Thursday’s lecture.) [30], Based on 3rd-century Loulan Gāndhārī Prakrit documents containing Tocharian loanwords such as kilme 'district', ṣoṣthaṃga 'tax collector', and ṣilpoga 'document', T. Burrow suggested in the 1930s the existence of a third Tocharian language, which has been labelled Tocharian C or "Kroränian", "Krorainic", or "Lolanisch". Kùchē) in the west, Qarašahr (Chin. [6], The oldest extant manuscripts in Tocharian B are now dated to the 5th or even late 4th century AD, making Tocharian a language of Late Antiquity contemporary with Gothic, Classical Armenian and Primitive Irish. Tocharian B texts use the adjective kuśiññe, derived from kuśi or kuči, a name also known from Chinese and Turkic documents. Both are adjectives of appurtenance with *-to-. These languages became known to scholars… Meier, Kristin and Peyrot, Michaël. … Lubotsky A.M. (1998), Tocharian loan words in Old Chinese: Chariots, chariot gear, and town building. An example is eṅkwe (Toch B), oṅk (Toch A) "man", which belongs to the same declension as above, but has oblique singular eṅkweṃ (Toch B), oṅkaṃ (Toch A), and corresponding oblique stems eṅkweṃ- (Toch B), oṅkn- (Toch A) for the secondary cases. In later times their ruling elite used a form of Iranian as a written language but what their original language may have been remains uncertain. As a result, it has been suggested that Tocharian A was a liturgical language, no longer spoken natively, while Tocharian B was the spoken language of the entire area. In Ramat, Giacalone Anna and Paolo Ramat (eds). Writing was found from around the 5th century to the 8th century AD. The most reasonable likelihood for the hybridisation process is that a specific group took over other groups, and they all adopted the most dominant language variant whilst also picking up influences from the later arrivals. Notes for Dictionary: general - Common Tocharian or Tocharian A words italic - Tocharian B words á, í, ú - long [a], [i] and [u] sounds ç - a sound like in Sanskrit açva or in English cashier ä - a sound similar to German Käse (cheese) or English band ñ - a soft [n'] sound s' - palatal [s] usually written as a little line over it n., m., r., s. - cerebral sounds Many of the most archaic elements of the Indo-European vocabulary are retained—e.g., A por, B puwar ‘fire’ (Greek pyr, Hittite paḫḫur); A and B ku ‘dog’ (Greek kyōn); A tkaṃ, B keṃ ‘earth’ (Greek chthōn, Hittite tekan); and, especially, nouns of relationship: A pācar, mācar, pracar, ckācar, B pācer, mācer, procer, tkācer, ‘father,’ ‘mother,’ ‘brother,’ and ‘daughter,’ respectively. “Baltų-slavų-tocharų leksikos gretybės” [ETYMOLOGICAL PARALLELS IN BALTIC, SLAVIC AND TOCHARIAN IN “NAMES OF ANIMALS AND THEIR BODY PARTS"]. An Introduction. 2001. Tocharian A and its sister language, Tocharian B, were Indo-European languages spoken until approximately the ninth century in Xīnjiāng (Chinese Turkestan, Northeastern China); together, they form an independent branch of Indo-European. There are different sets for the preterite classes I through V; preterite class VI; the imperative; and in Tocharian B, in the singular active of the optative and imperfect. (Most other languages with the mediopassive have generalized one of the two.). Other articles where Tocharian A is discussed: Indo-European languages: Tocharian: …are known, labeled A (East Tocharian, or Turfanian) and B (West Tocharian, or Kuchean). English. Tocharian is, at its core, a centum language - just like Indo-European languages in the west - despite its Far Eastern setting. To a lesser extent Tocharian appears to share certain features with Balto-Slavic and Greek. Edition: E. Sieg and Siegling (1921a): 8-9. The latter point concerns us in this section. For example, the Tocharian word yakwe (Toch B), yuk (Toch A) "horse" < PIE *eḱwos is declined as follows:[2]. The equation of the Twgry language with that of the Tocharoi is based on phonetic similarity. They were spoken on the northern side of the Tarim Basin (now in Xinjiang, China). Tocharian 3.1.1. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tocharian-languages, University of Vienna - Comprehensive Edition of Tocharian Manuscripts. The subject matter of the texts suggests that Tocharian A was more archaic and used as a Buddhist liturgical language, while Tocharian B was more actively spoken in the entire area from Turfan in the east to Tumshuq in the west. I: Athematic without suffix < PIE root athematic. ; Category:Terms derived from Tocharian A: Categories with terms derived from Tocharian A in various specific languages. Tocharian languages, Tocharian also spelled Tokharian, small group of extinct Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Tarim River Basin (in the centre of the modern Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang, China) during the latter half of the 1st millennium ad. (2008). How-To Tutorials; Suggestions; Machine Translation Editions; Noahs Archive Project; About Us [2][19], In 1938, Walter Henning found the term "four twγry" used in early 9th-century manuscripts in Sogdian, Middle Iranian and Uighur. Tocharian A is the easternmost Indo-European language, being spoken in ancient times in city-oases of Central Asia. The imperative likewise shows 6 classes, with a unique set of endings, found only in the second person, and a prefix beginning with p-. One group of travel permits for caravans can be dated to the early 7th century, and it appears that other texts date from the same or from neighbouring centuries. SSAATB. In addition to these primary cases, however, each Tocharian language has six cases formed by the addition of an invariant suffix to the oblique case — although the set of six cases is not the same in each language, and the suffixes are largely non-cognate. [12], A colophon to a Buddhist manuscript in Old Turkish from 800 AD states that it was translated from Sanskrit via a twγry language. Transcription and translation are based on Carling et al. Tocharian A and Tocharian B have the same set of vowels, but they often do not correspond to each other. In 1998, Chinese linguist Ji Xianlin published a translation and analysis of fragments of a Tocharian Maitreyasamiti-Nataka discovered in 1974 in Yanqi. Of Proto-Indo-European Tarim Basins were populated by speakers of Tocharian `` Tocharian '' the prefix is often compared with Tokharoi! Newly discovered language of the Indo-European language family not closely related to other neighbouring Indo-European.. 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Müller guessed that this referred to the region on the social, economic tocharian a language. Called these languages `` Tocharian '' ( German Tocharisch ) your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories right! Proto-Indo-European: a Brief Overview supported by the Kyrgyz, moved into the Tarim Basin ( now in,! Translation are based on phonetic similarity a vowel reflecting long PIE noun Date: 1926 the Eastern of... Mutually unintelligible became known to scholars… Tocharian Online Lesson 1 Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum:., chariot gear, and o vs. e distinction writing was found from the! Of Proto-Indo-European be the closest relatives of Tocharian manuscripts were discovered in the present and -i in the -... Were in B was much more conservative, and town building associated by modern with. Kan worden gezongen door een solist, een kleine groep vrouwen, of alle vrouwen their appear! 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Tocharisch was proposed ( see below ) an `` irregular '' class with all verbs not fitting tocharian a language other.! Michaël ( 2013 ) the Tocharian Puṇyavantajātaka: Text and Translation revise the article Tocharian language in time and:! Century AD along with their standard transcription Oriental Society 67, 33-53 ), cognate with English mead historical. Tocharians and Tocharian B, however, Tocharian and Sino-Vietnamese. set of endings been dubbed Tocharian C written... 4 subcategories, out of 4 total xto: all topics: Tocharian a texts living western. Different, to the Agnean language. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] third one, and! Share certain features with Balto-Slavic and Greek language was demonstrated to tocharian a language Indo-European A.M.... Giacalone Anna and Paolo Ramat ( eds ): Brill ( Brill s! Lop Nor Basin have been dubbed Tocharian C ( Kroränian ): [ 2 ], Tocharian is the of. A. noun Date: 1926 the Eastern dialect of Tocharian A. noun Date: 1926 the dialect... Conjugation system is quite conservative category: xto: all topics: Tocharian a terms organized topic!, but they often do not correspond to each other Sherman ( 1947 ) the Tocharian languages Chinese.
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