[52], After cementing their position during the Party crackdown, the militants sped up planning for a major conventional offensive to break the military deadlock. Show More. [21] In September, members of the MACV intelligence services and the CIA met to prepare a Special National Intelligence Estimate that would be used by the administration to gauge U.S. success in the conflict. The General Offensive, General Uprising would then commence with simultaneous actions on major allied bases and most urban areas, and with particular emphasis on the cities of Saigon and Huế. [78], By the beginning of January 1968, the U.S. had deployed 331,098 Army personnel and 78,013 Marines in nine divisions, an armoured cavalry regiment, and two separate brigades to South Vietnam. 1,800 U.S. and ARVN troops were isolated and under intense attack when MACV made the decision to avoid a situation reminiscent of that at Khe Sanh. Doyle, Lipsman and Maitland, pp. Dougan and Weiss, p. 72. [112] A total of 35 PAVN/VC battalions, many of whose troops were undercover cadres who had lived and worked within the capital or its environs for years, had been committed to the Saigon objectives. He believed that "it was a political problem ... [Helms] didn't want the agency ... contravening the policy interest of the administration."[26]. [210] Wheeler responded by challenging Westmoreland's assessment of the situation, pointing out dangers that his on-the-spot commander did not consider palpable, concluding: "In summary, if you need more troops, ask for them. Originally published in the February … Moreover, in addition to the heavy civilian casualties inflicted in the battle by U.S. forces to retake the cities from the PAVN/VC, the presence of VC fighters in the villages exposed their rural bases to attack. The defense of the Capital Military District was primarily a South Vietnamese responsibility and it was initially defended by eight ARVN infantry battalions and the local police force. [172] Following the Tet Offensive and subsequent U.S.-South Vietnamese "search and hold" operations in the countryside throughout the rest of 1968, the VC's recruiting base was more or less wiped out; the official Vietnamese war history later noted that "we could not maintain the level of local recruitment we had maintained in previous years. During this crucial crisis, however, no South Vietnamese unit broke or defected to the communists. Dougan and Weiss, p. 11. The final assessment of the majority stupefied the group. If outright victory was not achieved, the battle might still lead to the creation of a coalition government and the withdrawal of the Americans. Westmoreland—and the American media, which covered the action extensively—often made inevitable comparisons between the actions at Khe Sanh and the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ, where a French base had been besieged and ultimately overrun by Viet Minh forces under the command of General Giáp during the First Indochina War. The Lê Duẩn faction, which favoured quick, decisive offensives meant to paralyse South Vietnam-United States responses, was replaced by Giáp and Trường Chinh, who favoured a strategy of more protracted, drawn-out conventional warfare. In their memoirs, both Johnson and Westmoreland stated that they had predicted the offensive. [214], Johnson dispatched Wheeler to Saigon on 20 February to determine military requirements in response to the offensive. [184] More than 70,000 homes had been destroyed in the fighting and perhaps 30,000 more were heavily damaged and the nation's infrastructure had been virtually destroyed. Naval Institute Press, 2008. Westmoreland was more concerned with the situation at Khe Sanh, where, on 21 January 1968, a force estimated at 20,000–40,000 PAVN troops had besieged the U.S. Marine garrison. [101] By dawn most of the attacks within the city center had been eliminated, but severe fighting between VC and allied forces erupted in the Chinese neighborhood of Cholon around the Phú Thọ racetrack, southwest of the city center, which was being used as a staging area and command and control center by the PAVN/VC. [243] The new administration of President Richard M. Nixon would oversee the withdrawal of U.S. forces and the continuation of negotiations. [113] Bitter and destructive house-to-house fighting erupted in the area. In what became known as the Battle of Dai Do, the PAVN clashed savagely with U.S. Marine, Army and ARVN forces before withdrawing. At a meeting in July, Thanh briefed the plan to the Politburo. It went on to state that officials were saying in private that "widespread and deep changes in attitudes, a sense that a watershed has been reached. As the late veteran war reporter Peter Braestrup documented in "Big Story" -- a massive, two-volume study of how Tet was covered by American reporters -- the Vietcong offensive … Some, especially students, intellectuals, academics, and clergymen, opposed the war on moral grounds, pointing out that large numbers of civilians in both the North and the South…. [43], During the same period, a counter-attack was launched by a new, third grouping (the centrists) led by President Hồ Chí Minh, Lê Đức Thọ, and Foreign Minister Nguyễn Duy Trinh, who called for negotiations. Westmoreland was replaced by Gen. Creighton Abrams, who aggressively pursued the Vietnamization program and oversaw the reduction of the U.S. presence in Vietnam to fewer than 30,000 troops. "[220], According to the Pentagon Papers, "A fork in the road had been reached and the alternatives stood out in stark reality. 72-8. [201] Walter Cronkite, anchorman of the CBS Evening News and a World War II combat veteran, argued for negotiations as an honorable way out in a Special Report based on his journalism in Vietnam broadcast on CBS TV in March. Early in the morning, North Vietnamese troops and Viet Cong forces attacked both towns and cities in South Vietnam, breaking the ceasefire that had been called for the Vietnamese holiday of Tet (the lunar new year). Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Nationalism and Imperialism in South and Southeast Asia: Essays Presented to Damodar R. SarDesai. Doyle, Lipsman and Maitland, pp. The Tet Offensive: A Concise History is essential reading for students and scholars of the war, and provides a thoughtful reexamination for anyone with an interest in the turning point of our nation’s longest war. In 1969 we were only able to recruit 1,700 new soldiers in Region 5 (compared with 8,000 in 1968), and in the lowlands of Cochin China we recruited only 100 new soldiers (compared with 16,000 in 1968). For the moderates and centrists, it offered the prospect of negotiations and a possible end to the American bombing of the North. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. He said the Vietnamese had too much respect for the holiday to attack during Tet itself. This was especially true during the battle for Hue, where ARVN troops and U.S. Marines liberated the city after engaging in some of the fiercest close-quarters combat of the war. [44] From October 1966 through April 1967, a very public debate over military strategy took place in print and via radio between Thanh and his rival for military power, Giáp. Weyand, a former intelligence officer, was suspicious of the pattern of communist activities in his area of responsibility and notified Westmoreland of his concerns on 10 January. [88][89], Whether by accident or design, the first wave of attacks began shortly after midnight on 30 January as all five provincial capitals in II Corps and Da Nang, in I Corps, were attacked. North Vietnamese foreign policy therefore consisted of maintaining a critical balance between war policy, internal and external policies, domestic adversaries, and foreign allies with "self-serving agendas."[48]. The followers of the Chinese line centered their strategy against the U.S. and its allies on large-scale, main force actions rather than the protracted guerrilla war espoused by Mao Zedong. Planning in Hanoi for a winter-spring offensive during 1968 had begun in early 1967 and continued until early the following year. Clark Clifford, with Richard Holbrooke. Although the initial attacks stunned the allies, causing them to lose control of several cities temporarily, they quickly regrouped, beat back the attacks, and inflicted heavy casualties on PAVN/VC forces. [152] Westmoreland, who knew of Nguyen Chi Thanh's penchant for large-scale operations—but not of his death—believed that this was going to be an attempt to replicate that victory. [37] In official Vietnamese literature, the decision to launch the Tet Offensive was usually presented as the result of a perceived U.S. failure to win the war quickly, the failure of the American bombing campaign against North Vietnam, and the anti-war sentiment that pervaded the population of the U.S.[38] The decision to launch the general offensive, however, was much more complicated. [108], On 1 February General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, chief of the National Police, publicly executed VC officer Nguyễn Văn Lém, captured in civilian clothing, in front of photographer Eddie Adams and a film cameraman. Ambassador, Ellsworth Bunker, to Washington, D.C., for what was billed as a "high-level policy review". Stephen T. Hosmer, Viet Cong Repression and its Implications for the Future (Rand Corporation, 1970), pp. Karnow, p. 562. Because Johnson and Westmoreland thought Khe Sanh was the main target of PAVN forces, they ignored the buildup of troops that would lead the Tet Offensive. Palmer gave a figure of 70,000, p. 238. [252] During part of the second phase (5 May – 30 May) U.S. casualties amounted to 1,161 killed and 3,954 wounded,[253][251], Phase III of the offensive began on 17 August and involved attacks in I, II and III Corps. If the general offensive failed to achieve these purposes, follow-up operations would be conducted to wear down the enemy and lead to a negotiated settlement; Phase II was scheduled to begin on 5 May and Phase III on 17 August.[63]. The city was not declared recaptured by U.S. and ARVN forces until 25 February,[135] when members of the ARVN 2nd Battalion, 3rd Regiment, 1st Division raised the South Vietnamese flag over the Palace of Perfect Peace. According to ARVN Colonel Hoang Ngoc Lung the answer lay with the allied intelligence methodology itself, which tended to estimate the enemy's probable course of action based upon their capabilities, not their intentions. "[239] According to the Pentagon Papers, the advice of the group was decisive in convincing Johnson to reduce the bombing of North Vietnam.[240]. Other forces would block American and ARVN reinforcement routes, mainly Highway 1. To fulfill it would require an increase in overall military strength of about 400,000 men and the expenditure of an additional $10 billion during fiscal 1969 and another $15 billion in 1970. For years this figure has been held as excessively optimistic, as it represented more than half the forces involved in this battle. Peace talks begin in Paris. Laurence, John (2002), The Cat from Hue: a Vietnam War Story, PublicAffairs Press. Omissions? [136], During the intense action, the allies estimated that PAVN forces had between 1,042[137] and 5,000 killed and 89 captured in the city and in the surrounding area. During the last three months of the year intelligence agencies had observed signs of a major North Vietnamese military buildup. [74], The most severe of what came to be known as "the Border Battles" erupted during October and November around Dak To, another border outpost in Kon Tum Province. Let me caution everyone not to be confused. [53] Launching such an offensive would also finally put an end to what have been described as "dovish calls for talks, criticism of military strategy, Chinese diatribes of Soviet perfidy, and Soviet pressure to negotiate—all of which needed to be silenced. [227] On 4 March, Rusk reiterated the proposal, explaining that, during the rainy season in the North, bombing was less effective and that no military sacrifice would thus occur. U.S. commander Gen. William C. Westmoreland viewed the post-Tet situation as an opportunity for an American offensive that would further debilitate the enemy and deny any future resurgence. [256], The horrendous casualties and suffering endured by PAVN/VC units during these sustained operations were beginning to tell. "[194] He was only mollified after an 18 July meeting with Johnson in Honolulu, where Johnson affirmed that Saigon would be a full partner in all negotiations and that the U.S. would not "support the imposition of a coalition government, or any other form of government, on the people of South Vietnam. The vast majority of North Vietnam's military equipment was provided by either the Soviet Union or China. [95], According to Westmoreland, he responded to the news of the attacks with optimism, both in media presentations and in his reports to Washington. ", "48 U.S. soldiers killed in ambush on edge of Saigon", "G.I. [236] With few exceptions, all of the members of the group had formerly been accounted as hawks on the war. General Westmoreland is called "boastful" and Johnson is confused 'as the man in the moon.' "[96] According to Clark Clifford, at the time of the initial attacks, the reaction of the U.S. military leadership "approached panic". The Tet Offensive, which was launched on 30 January 1958 by Northern Vietnamese communist forces against the U.S. supported South Vietnamese forces, had the tactical aim of spurring a communist revolt in South Vietnam. "[69] The answer could also be partially explained by the lack of coordination and cooperation between competing intelligence branches, both South Vietnamese and American. [125], During the first days of the North Vietnamese occupation, U.S. intelligence vastly underestimated the number of PAVN troops and little appreciated the effort that was going to be necessary to evict them. "To deny it, or to attempt to cut it to a size which could be sustained by the thinly stretched active forces, would just as surely signify that an upper limit to the U.S. military commitment in South Vietnam had been reached. Battle Analysis. Citizens were called on “to side with the ranks of the people and to give their arms and ammunition to the revolutionary armed forces.” In the event, this cooperation largely failed to materialize. They were joined there by the 1st Australian Task Force, a Royal Thai Army regiment, two South Korean Army infantry divisions, and the Republic of Korea Marine Corps brigade. This Order of Battle controversy resurfaced in 1982 when Westmoreland filed a lawsuit against, Those in the administration and the military who urged a change in strategy included: Secretary of Defense, Nguyen, p. 4.; Duiker, William J. Foreign Minister Trinh announced on 30 December that Hanoi would rather than could open negotiations if the U.S. unconditionally ended Operation Rolling Thunder, the bombing campaign against North Vietnam. By 1967 growing numbers of Americans were becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the war. Without a new tax bill and budgetary cuts, the nation would face even higher inflation "and the possible collapse of the monetary system". From. General Fillmore K. Mearns would describe this as "a classic example of a properly executed ambush." [230] The article also revealed that the request had begun a serious debate within the administration. To Washington's surprise, on 3 April Hanoi announced that it would conduct negotiations, which were scheduled to begin on 13 May in Paris. Westmoreland himself clai… The four dissenters were Bradley, Murphy, Fortas and Taylor. By departing from classical guerrilla tactics and assaulting southern cities, the North Vietnamese had unwittingly pitted themselves against their opponents’ greatest strengths. Tet Offensive Article Analysis Question Sheet . The first attacks may have been launched prematurely due to confusion over a changeover in the calendar date by North Vietnamese units. [94] The outcome in each instance was usually dictated by the ability of local commanders—some were outstanding, others were cowardly or incompetent. Preparations for the offensive were already underway. For the North Vietnamese government, the best result would be a galvanizing of discontent in the South that would, in turn, force the collapse of the government and army of South Vietnamese leader Nguyen Van Thieu. Tan Son Nhut Air Base, in the northwestern part of the city, was attacked by three battalions. Duiker, p. 296. This is my view, not that of Mr. Willbanks. Scenes of the Tet Offensive, South Vietnam, January–February 1968. 1968 Tet offensive . However this offensive had far reaching consequences due to its effect on the views of the Vietnam War by the American public. [198] No matter that the PAVN/VC lost about 30,000 of their best troops in the fighting at Tet, they were capable of replacing those lost with new recruits from North Vietnam. [96] In comparison with MACV's previous communications, which had been full of confidence, optimism, and resolve, Westmoreland's 12 February request for 10,500 troops was much more urgent: "which I desperately need ... time is of the essence". Translation by Merle L. Pribbenow. Tet Offensive, attacks staged by North Vietnamese forces beginning in the early hours of January 31, 1968, during the Vietnam War. The popular uprising anticipated by Hanoi never happened. [81], In the days immediately preceding the offensive, the preparedness of allied forces was relatively relaxed. The operational plan for the General Offensive and Uprising had its origin as the "COSVN proposal" at Thanh's southern headquarters in April 1967 and had then been relayed to Hanoi the following month. Westmoreland agreed with his estimate and ordered 15 U.S. battalions to redeploy from positions near the Cambodian border back to the outskirts of Saigon. [234], By 22 March, President Johnson had informed Wheeler to "forget the 100,000" men. [49] All of the arrests were based on the individual's stance on the Politburo's choice of tactics and strategy for the proposed General Offensive. The Tet Offensive Analysis 1202 Words 5 Pages The Tet Offensive, which was launched on 30 January 1958 by Northern Vietnamese communist forces against the U.S. supported South Vietnamese forces, had the tactical aim of spurring a communist revolt in South Vietnam. Journalists, political figures, and religious leaders alike—even the militant Buddhists—professed confidence in the government's plans. (2002) "Foreword," in Military History Institute of Vietnam Victory in Vietnam: A History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975, p. xiv. Provided with "blacklists" of military officers and civil servants, they began to round up and execute any that could be found. [24] The agency responded that such a notion was ridiculous since the militias were directly responsible for half of the casualties inflicted on U.S. forces. Concurrently, a propaganda offensive to induce ARVN troops to desert and the South Vietnamese population to rise up against the government would be launched. Chris Cook. "[91] All U.S. forces were placed on maximum alert and similar orders were issued to all ARVN units. The Joint Chiefs then played their hand, advising President Johnson to turn down MACV's requested division-sized reinforcement unless he called up some 1,234,001 marine and army reservists. [95] The South Vietnamese suffered 2,788 killed, 8,299 wounded, and 587 missing in action. As explained in the book’s forward, it “reviews the Intelligence Community's analytic performance during the chaotic Vietnam era, with particular focus … By mid-December, mounting evidence convinced many in Washington and Saigon that something big was underway. 30–50. 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